Mastodon

IPFS is a peer-to-peer protocol that addresses files by their content hash instead of their server location, so anyone holding a copy can serve it and tampering is detectable. It decouples publishing from any single host. Content only stays available while someone pins it, and in practice many users lean on commercial pinning services.

Nostr is an open protocol for social media where your identity is a cryptographic keypair you own, and your posts are relayed by interchangeable servers instead of one company's database. No platform can delete your account or audience. Relays can still drop your notes, clients vary in quality, and losing your key means losing everything.

BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file distribution protocol where downloaders simultaneously upload to each other, so no central server hosts or controls the file. Content verified by hash keeps working as long as anyone seeds it, making it one of the most censorship-resistant ways to distribute large files. Availability dies when seeders disappear.

PeerTube is open-source video hosting software that federates over ActivityPub and shares bandwidth between viewers with peer-to-peer streaming, letting communities run their own YouTube alternative. Creators escape algorithmic feeds and arbitrary demonetization. Discovery is far weaker than YouTube, and hosting video yourself means real storage and bandwidth costs.